Consensus

Trayon uses a modified Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) protocol, requiring a 2/3 + 1 quorum among 1,000+ staked validators, with BLS signature aggregation for compact, efficient proofs of agreement.

Consensus round (12 seconds)

T+0s   Block Proposal
       Sequencer proposes a batch (txs, state root, timestamp)
       and broadcasts it to all validators.

T+4s   Validation Phase
       Validators independently execute the batch, compute a
       local state root, and vote APPROVE / REJECT.

T+8s   Quorum Check
       Sequencer collects votes, requires 2/3 + 1 validators,
       aggregates signatures with BLS, and broadcasts commit.

T+12s  Finality
       Block is finalized. State update becomes immutable.
       Validator reputations are updated.

BLS signature aggregation

Rather than storing every individual validator signature on-chain, Trayon aggregates BLS signatures into a single 48-byte proof — regardless of how many validators signed. This keeps on-chain verification cheap while still cryptographically proving that a 2/3 + 1 quorum approved the block.

Slashing conditions

Slashed TRAY is burned rather than redistributed, reinforcing the network's deflationary token model. See TRAY Tokenomics for details.

Validator reputation

Each validator carries a reputation score (0–100) that increases with consistent, correct participation and decreases after slashing events. Reputation influences validator selection weight in future rounds but does not replace stake-based security.